Jovens pesquisadores do Amazonas lançam teclado digital com caracteres de mais de 40 línguas indígenas
Software ‘Linklado’ dá suporte para a escrita e contribui para a transmissão e sobrevivência das línguas nativas da Amazônia
Diversas línguas indígenas da Amazônia foram excluídas da revolução digital por terem em seu vocabulário caracteres especiais, como ʉ, ɨ, ñ, ç̀, g̃, por exemplo, além da combinação de diacríticos (sinais gráficos `,´, ~, ^, ¨) que não estão presentes na maioria dos teclados físicos e virtuais.
Isso faz com que os indígenas se comuniquem por meio de áudios ou usando substitutos para esses caracteres, o que representa uma ameaça à continuidade das línguas nativas.
Para resolver esse desafio, um grupo de jovens pesquisadores do Amazonas lançou o teclado digital ‘Linklado’, software que reúne caracteres especiais e diacríticos de mais de 40 línguas indígenas da Amazônia.
Os idealizadores são o estudante da Universidade de Stanford (EUA), Samuel Benzecry, e o estudante do ensino médio em Manaus, Juliano Portela. Juntos eles desenharam o layout e desenvolveram o protótipo do teclado digital para o Windows e androides.
Samuel é um dos jovens selecionados pela rede Ashoka, organização mundial de empreendedorismo social, que apoia o fortalecimento de habilidades para transformações que sejam positivas para a sociedade, de maneira geral.
Teclado adaptado
De acordo com Samuel, o teclado ‘Linklado’ é inédito. “Aparelhos Androides podem ser postos na língua Kaingang ou Nheengatu, mas isso não resolve o problema de línguas que utilizam sinais diacríticos como ü̃, muito usado na Tikuna, que é a língua indígena mais falada no Brasil”, exemplifica.
O estudante acrescenta que já existiam teclados adaptados para línguas indígenas mexicanas, contudo eles não contemplam os caracteres usados pelas línguas indígenas da Amazônia.
O ‘Linklado’ cobre mais de 40 línguas indígenas que possuem caracteres ou usos de acento gráfico ‘não-convencionais’, inclusive línguas de países vizinhos.
Os estudantes Juliano e Samuel participaram das ‘Olimpíadas Internacional de Linguística’ e umas das atividades da competição era escrever um artigo numa língua indígena.
“Foi quando eu percebi a dificuldade de transcrever alguns caracteres do papel para o word. Só depois que criamos o Linklado que consegui escrever o artigo direito”, comentou o estudante.
Juliano afirmou que em apenas um dia conseguiu desenvolver o protótipo para o sistema Android.“O Samuel já tinha enviado como ficaria o layout, eu fiz uns pequenos ajustes e já enviei para ele o artigo com os caracteres. Ele ficou super animado e disse que ia apresentar para a professora”, relembrou Juliano.
Conexões para uma educação transformadora
A professora em questão é a bióloga e doutora em Recursos Naturais, Noemia Kazue Ishikawa, que coordena o projeto ‘Redes de mulheres indígenas tradutoras e cientistas: conexões para uma educação transformadora em ciências no Amazonas’.
A pesquisa é executada pelo Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia (Inpa) e financiada pela Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Amazonas (Fapeam).
“Em 2008, quando coordenei um projeto na região do Alto Rio Solimões, organizei uma cartilha bilíngue Português/Tikuna. Foi a primeira vez que me deparei com a dificuldade de transcrever a escrita indígena para o computador. Desde então, eu venho abordando que era necessário um teclado para as línguas indígenas”, conta a pesquisadora.
Com o atual projeto de Noemia, em parceria com a antropóloga e linguista, Ana Carla Bruno, está sendo desenvolvido a criação de uma rede de tradutoras de línguas indígenas. Essa ferramenta era essencial para solucionar a falta de caracteres em teclados de computador e/ou celular, um dos grandes desafios do projeto.
“Atualmente, o Linklado pode ser um instrumento de poder nas mãos dos povos indígenas, tendo em vista que agora eles poderão utilizar os símbolos, os diacríticos, enfim os grafemas que melhor representam os sons e fonemas de suas línguas através da produção de seus próprios textos, histórias e narrativas. Neste sentido, penso que esta ferramenta pode contribuir com as ações das línguas indígenas”, argumenta Ana Carla.
Linklado
O nome do software é uma combinação das sílabas ‘lin’ = línguas indígenas e ‘klado’, que faz um trocadilho com a palavra ‘teclado’. Forma ainda a palavra ‘link’, que significa conexão.
Conectar os falantes das línguas indígenas a um teclado que contempla o seu vocabulário é uma das formas de ajudar na transmissão e sobrevivência das línguas indígenas sul-americanas na era digital, argumentam os idealizadores.
“No Amazonas temos mais de 52 línguas vivas e muitos desconhecem essa riqueza linguística. Muitas dessas línguas contam com poucos falantes, algumas centenas ou milhares, e possuem aspectos interessantíssimos. A lenta morte de várias dessas línguas causada por glotocídio, que é a marginalização de uma língua em favor de outra, o que resulta no desaparecimento gradual dessa língua, genocídios, missões, estigmatização em centros urbanos, não-passagem entre gerações ou expansão rápida de meios de comunicação, em português, acabam levando a perda rápida de muitas dessas línguas. O ‘Linklado’ seria uma forma de manter essas línguas vivas”, alerta Samuel.
Para conhecer mais:
FONTE: Agência Envolverde
Na floresta, no campo, na cidade: hora de retratar a população indígena
“Eu acredito que o IBGE vem para mostrar nossa realidade, a expansão de nossa comunidade e o futuro que queremos para ela”. Foi com essa expectativa que o cacique Jasiel Gabriel Marcelino recepcionou a equipe do IBGE na manhã de 10 de agosto de 2022 na Aldeia Lagoinha, a 100 km de Campo Grande, em Mato Grosso do Sul. A data marcou nacionalmente o Dia de Mobilização do Censo Indígena.
O jovem líder da etnia Terena, de 36 anos, já havia sido contactado no dia anterior por funcionários do IBGE, na reunião de abordagem, quando respondeu a um questionário específico sobre as condições de infraestrutura da aldeia. Trata-se de um protocolo repetido em todo o país, no qual a operação censitária e sua metodologia são previamente apresentadas às lideranças indígenas, a fim de que elas mobilizem suas comunidades e facilitem o trabalho dos recenseadores, que farão a coleta de informações em questionários domiciliares, de casa em casa, nos dias seguintes.
“Eles são muito receptivos”, atesta Miriam Miki, recenseadora responsável por aquele setor. Tendo trabalhado em perímetro urbano no Censo 2010 e em área rural no Censo Agropecuário 2017, ela só estranhou uma peculiaridade ao estrear no agrupamento indígena, espalhado por 150 km². “Aqui não tem ruas. Farei a coleta por núcleos familiares, para não me perder”, revela.
Acessível apenas por estrada de terra a partir do município de Sidrolândia, a comunidade abriga 108 famílias, ou aproximadamente 300 pessoas, segundo cálculos do professor Elias Franco, nascido e criado na aldeia, e que atualmente exerce a função de coordenador pedagógico na escola indígena local. O colégio, aliás, é o único lugar em Lagoinha com sinal de internet. Nas quatro salas estudam 159 alunos de 4 a 16 anos. “Nenhuma criança fica sem escola”, garante Elias, que também leciona sua língua materna, o Terena.
As quase 100 casas de alvenaria ali erguidas pelos próprios residentes têm água encanada e energia elétrica. Mas as estatísticas oficiais da Aldeia Lagoinha, bem como as das 632 terras indígenas, dos 5.494 agrupamentos indígenas e das 977 outras localidades indígenas espalhadas pelo Brasil só serão conhecidas ao fim do Censo 2022.
Para registrar essa realidade, os questionários domiciliares contêm perguntas sobre etnia, línguas faladas, questões de registro civil, arranjo familiar, religiosidade, deficiência, educação, trabalho, situação do domicílio e dos cômodos – assim como de água, saneamento, destino do lixo e acesso à internet, entre outros. O Censo em territórios indígenas dura o mesmo tempo que a operação censitária nas demais áreas, cerca de três meses.
Novidades e adaptações no recenseamento de povos tradicionais
HBO Max produzirá documentário sobre as línguas faladas no Brasil
O projeto da série documental Línguas da Nossa Língua (título provisório até o momento), criado, roteirizado e dirigido por Estevão Ciavatta, vai abordar questões fundamentais sobre a construção do nosso idioma, como a variedade de 270 línguas nativas e africanas faladas no Brasil e como isso impacta a identidade cultural da nação. A produção será falada em 12 línguas: português, galego, guarani, baniwa, tukano, patxohã, yorubá, quimbundo, pajubá, língua da Tabatinga, Nhengatu, yanomam.
Segundo a própria HBO Max, a série está em fase de gravações e vai contar com uma música de abertura original composta por Arnaldo Antunes, além da leitura exclusiva de autores clássicos da literatura nacional por Maria Bethânia.
Um dos pontos de destaque de Línguas da Nossa Língua é que a série irá registrar pela primeira vez a documentação da língua Pajubá, uma língua de resistência das travestis. Além disso, estão previstas participações dos membros da Academia Brasileira de Letras e Nélida Piñon; filmagens na Universidade do Minho, em Portugal, onde “nasceu” a língua portuguesa; registros da língua Baniwa em regiões remotas da Amazônia, filmagem no Museu da Língua Portuguesa, em São Paulo, com poetas surdos e ouvintes, e muito mais.
FONTE: GKPB
Photos: Ukrainian refugees feel surprisingly at home in Brazil’s ‘Little Ukraine’
Laryssa Moskvichova and her children fled the war in Ukraine 3 months ago and resettled in Prudentópolis, a Brazilian town founded by Ukrainians. She’s been baking and selling Ukrainian specialties in her new home — like the oreshki on the plate. It’s a walnut-shaped cookie filled with doce de leite. The markers belong to her 6-year-old daughter, who had just been coloring. Gabriela Portilho for NPR
Laryssa Moskvichova just filled her biggest order yet. It took four days to make around 360 oreshki, a walnut-shaped cookie filled with doce de leite, a caramelized condensed milk associated with Latin America but also used in Ukraine.
The recipe she brought with her from Ukraine is a favorite of customers in her new home of Prudentópolis, a small town in southern Brazil where she fled with her three daughters — Anastasiia Ivanova, 22, Sofiia Moskvichova, 14, and Ruslana Moskvichova, 6 — when the war at home became too much. ( Like other Ukrainian men between the ages of 18 and 60, Laryssa’s husband — the father of her two youngest daughters — had to stay behind when his family fled.)
Orders have been rolling in at a pace Laryssa never expected. Today she’s working on buckwheat bread and prepping for another round of oreshki tomorrow. In the days to come, there will be apple pies, honey cakes, vareniki dumplings and more oreshki.
Laryssa Moskvichova bakes oreshkis, a Ukrainian cookie. She’s getting a lot of orders for Ukrainian baked goods in her new home in Brazil. When she lived in Ukraine, Laryssa earned a living by selling toys and parrots and parakeets from her home. Gabriela Portilho for NPR
As she kneads the dough for her last loaf of bread and places it into a pan lined with parchment paper, the afternoon sun streaming through the sliding glass doors leading to the balcony of her fourth-floor apartment, she calls her new friend Andreia Burko Bley, who grew up in this town and has sons the same age as her two youngest daughters.
They talk about Andreia taking the girls to school the next day and the menu she made to help Laryssa’s baking business, which she and her husband, Paulo Bley, have been circulating on WhatsApp.
It’s an easy conversation, filled with laughter and the kind of chatter that usually only comes with years of friendship.
But in fact, the two women only just met in early June.
Andreia is one of many natives of the Brazilian town who learned Ukrainian before she learned Portuguese. Her great-grandparents were among the first families some 116 years ago to come from Ukraine and settle Prudentópolis, named for a past president of Brazil and now known as “Little Ukraine,” with the hopes of making a living by farming the available land.
The Ukrainian-Brazilian Folk Dance Group Vesselka was founded in 1958 and performs throughout the year — and even travels abroad. Above: a rehearsal in their home base of Prudentópolis. Gabriela Portilho for NPR
This unexpected hub of Ukrainian culture has become a haven for eight families who escaped the war in the last six months with the help of a worldwide network of evangelical churches. Its ties to home provide not only a sense of comfort to those like Laryssa and her daughters but also deep connection to those who live there and a bond that can’t be broken, even if they can, one day, go home.
Ukrainian refugee Anastasiia Ivanova reads the Bible on the terrace of the apartment in Prudentópolis, Brazil, where she now lives with her mother and siblings. The devout 22-year-old says her faith is what’s helped her get through all of her trials. She brought her Bible with her when the family fled Kharkiv. Gabriela Portilho for NPR
From fear in Kharkiv to pizza (with a fork) in Prudentópolis
Three pizza boxes are stacked in the center of Andreia and Paulo’s dining table. Bruno and Ruslana, classmates at the nearby elementary school, giggle as they take turns swinging a plastic sword at each other in the adjacent living room, the smell of melted cheese and tomato sauce wafting through the air.
Their mothers chat as they get plates and cups from the kitchen cupboards, and Paulo does his best to talk to Sofiia. When the few Ukrainian words he has picked up in the last couple months and slowly spoken Portuguese don’t work, he turns to Google Translate for help. He didn’t grow up here and is not of Ukrainian heritage like his wife, so he’s learning as he goes.
When it comes to pizza, Paulo Bley of Prudentópolis and his two sons have a difference of opinion with their Ukrainian tablemates. The Brazilians use a fork. The Ukrainians most certainly do not! Gabriela Portilho for NPR
The chatter among the eight — in Ukrainian, Russian, Portuguese and English — continues as they all settle in around the table. Andreia places utensils next to the round cardboard boxes. Sofiia gives a soft laugh at the thought of eating pizza with a fork and knife. It might be the norm in Brazil but not in Ukraine. She folds her slice in half before taking a bite.
A laugh over a hot meal was unimaginable for the 14-year-old and her family just a few months ago. When bombs started falling from the sky over Cold Mountain, the Kharkiv neighborhood where they lived, the family hid in Anastasiia’s room — at the center of their duplex, it didn’t have any windows — for a week. When the bombs got so close they destroyed a school the girls once attended, they moved down to the cellar, a space so small they couldn’t lay down.
But the Ukrainian winter was too harsh and after two days of temperatures as low as -22° Fahrenheit, Laryssa knew they had to leave.
“It was really difficult,” she says. “I had to leave my home behind. It was all we had. We had half an hour to grab everything we could, pack our bags and run. All I could think of were my girls. I got all of their things and forgot about myself. I didn’t even take my clothes.”
Anastasiia Ivanova shows images of her home city of Kharkiv on her phone, depicting the destruction during the Russian invasion that began on Feb. 24. Gabriela Portilho for NPR
They piled into their car and headed toward Poltava, a destination for many since fighting hadn’t yet reached the city, giving them time to decide where to go next. During the 20-hour trip — it should have lasted no more than two, but the mass exodus meant traffic was bumper-to-bumper — a friend of Anastasiia’s called and recommended they get in touch with a pastor in Poltava from the same church they attended in Kharkiv, Word of Life. He was part of the Global Kingdom Partnership Network (GKPN), a group of evangelical pastors finding safe places around the world for Ukrainian families to start over.
Days later, when he sent a message over WhatsApp asking who wanted to go to Brazil, Laryssa’s reaction was immediate.
“The first thing I thought was, no, I’m not going to Brazil,” she says. “I don’t know anyone in Brazil, I don’t know anything about it. What’s even there?”
But her faith that God would guide her and a dream she had where she was flying over the ocean made her change her mind. The family embarked on a journey that would take them to Lviv, Warsaw and Frankfurt before boarding a plane to Brazil.
When she first arrived in São Paulo with her girls — a trip paid for by the church — Laryssa had no idea she would end up in Prudentópolis. The four spent a week at a church-owned farm outside Curitiba, the capital city of Paraná state, before Pastor Vitalii Arshulik, from the First Baptist Church of Prudentópolis and a member of the GKPN, helped set them up in a fully furnished apartment with a stocked fridge, made possible with donations from the community. The church is also helping the families who have come to Prudentópolis and neighboring towns with mental health support, language classes, job-hunting help and money to pay bills, including rent, for their first year in Brazil.
“We feel happy to be able to help, to be able to do something for our Ukrainian brothers and sisters,” says the pastor, who came to Brazil with his wife and children five years ago to head up the local Baptist church. “It was very important for us to welcome them.”
Pastor Vitalii Arshulik came to Prudentópolis from Ukraine 5 years ago to lead the local Baptist church, bringing his wife, Iryna, and their children. The pastor has helped make the 8 newly arrived refugee families feel at home: “It was very important for us to welcome them.” Gabriela Portilho for NPR
A new faraway home looks a lot like Ukraine
For Laryssa and her daughters, the connection between their new home and their old one was a shock. They didn’t expect to find traditional brightly colored wooden Ukrainian houses and churches with cupolas, a strong pride in Ukrainian dance, music and art — like embroidery and the intricate designs of pysanka Easter eggs, two mediums that Andreia still practices today after learning them from her grandmother as a child — and their language spoken in the streets of the Brazilian town of 52,000.
“I never thought that in Brazil, across the ocean, people would speak Ukrainian,” says Anastasiia. “It’s a miracle.”
Gustavo Hull has danced in the Ukrainian-Brazilian Vesselka Folklore Group since he was 7. The dancers wear traditional Ukrainian garments. At right: the Ukrainian heritage of residents of Prudentópolis is showcased in their hand-painted Easter eggs. Town resident Andreia Burko Bley likes to make the eggs for herself and to give as gifts. Others sell them to tourists. Gabriela Portilho for NPR
Sofiia and Ruslana were quickly enrolled in school, while Laryssa and Anastasiia got to work organizing their new home. They found solace in church and the kindness they received from neighbors, both Ukrainian and Brazilian.
But it wasn’t until they were befriended by Andreia and Paulo that they truly felt they had found their place.
Laryssa and Andreia met during school pickup after Andreia’s 6-year-old, Bruno, insisted she meet Ruslana’s mom. He was sure they would be fast friends, since his mom’s first language was Ukrainian too.
Students leaving school in Prudentópolis. In the background are the Nossa Senhora do Patrocínio Church and the cemetery. The church, built in the mid-1920s, showcases the Byzantine architecture typical of churches in Ukraine. Gabriela Portilho for NPR
The Ukrainian spoken in Prudentópolis is slightly different than what is spoken in Ukraine today — an older version of the language that was brought to the town over 100 years ago and never changed — but that didn’t stop Bruno’s prediction from coming true.
The two women quickly became close, and their families followed suit. Andreia started driving Ruslana and Sofiia to school so they wouldn’t have to walk, and she and Paulo helped promote Laryssa’s baking business and set her up with the basic ingredients she needed to get started. Before coming to Brazil the mom of three was already an entrepreneur, running her own online toy store and a business selling pet parrots and parakeets.
Andreia Burko Bley of Brazil (right) is of Ukrainian descent, shares a meal with her new friend, Ukrainian refugee Laryssa Moskvichova. The two women only met in June and have become close friends. Their families eat together often. Laryssa brings fresh baked Ukrainian goods. Andreia and her husband, Paulo, make sure the favorite foods of Laryssa’s children are on the table. Gabriela Portilho for NPR
When Paulo noticed that Sofiia, the quietest of the family and an avid painter, had a phone case with Vincent van Gogh’s “The Starry Night,” he gave her his sweatshirt with the painting replicated across the front.
“Their hearts are so big,” says Anastasiia. “In Ukraine we didn’t have friends like this. They are very caring people.”
For Andreia and Paulo, what they’ve received is so much more than what they’ve given.
“I never imagined it would be like this,” says Andreia of her relationship with Laryssa’s family, “that it would hold this cultural, emotional and spiritual weight.”
As Laryssa stands at the black stone counter of her kitchen, dusting an order of oreshki with powdered sugar before packaging it to be picked up, she sighs.
She never imagined she would even visit Brazil, but now, because of something as simple as kindness, it’s starting to feel like home.
Jill Langlois is an independent journalist based in São Paulo, Brazil. She has been freelancing from the largest city in the western hemisphere since 2010, writing and reporting for publications like National Geographic, The New York Times, The Guardian and Time. Her work focuses on human rights, the environment and the impact of socioeconomic issues on people’s lives.
Gabriela Portilho is a documentary photographer and journalist whose work investigates the relationship between human beings and their communities, focusing on environmental and gender issues. A member of Women Photograph and Native Agency, she lives in Paraty, a small city between São Paulo and Rio de Janeiro.
Rádio Pomerana recebeu os organizadores do Encontro de Falantes do Inventário Lingua Pomerana
O Inventário da Língua Pomerana realizou o seu Encontro de Falantes entre os dias 12 e 13 de agosto 2022, presencialmente na Câmara Municipal de Santa Maria de Jetibá/ES. O evento teve como foco a apresentação dos resultados, debate e encaminhamentos para fortalecimento da língua Pomerana, uma língua brasileira de imigração!
Continua hoje, 13 de agosto, o Encontro de Falantes do ILP – Inventário da Língua Pomerana, confira a programação!
Acompanhe a transmissão, pela TV Câmara de Santa Maria de Jetibá ao vivo:
Forlibi – Fórum Permanente das Línguas Brasileiras de Imigração
I Seminário de Gestão em Educação Linguística da Fronteira do MERCOSUL
